Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Brief touch to artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at moment, people do better.
AI is the effort to deploy computer based systems (both hardware and software) that behave as humans. Such systems would be able to learn natural languages, accomplish coordinated physical tasks (robotics), use a perceptual apparatus that informs their physical behavior and language (visual and oral perceptual systems), and emulate human expertise and decision making (expert systems). It has grown from a small-scale laboratory science into a technological and industrial success. One of the intelligent techniques well known to the world is Expert Systems. Expert systems are constructed by obtaining this knowledge from a human expert and coding it into a form that a computer may apply to similar problems. 

VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

Logical Artificial Intelligence: What a program knows about the world in general the facts of the specific situation in which it must act and its goals are all represented by sentences of some mathematical logical language. The program decides what to do by inferring that certain actions are appropriate for achieving its goals.
Pattern recognition: When a program makes observations of some kind, it is often programmed to compare what it sees with a pattern. For example, a vision program may try to match a pattern of eyes and nose in a scene in order to find a face. Other patterns, example natural language text, in chess position etc.
Search: As programs examine large numbers of possibilities as moves in a chess game or inferences by a theorem proving program.

Common Sense Knowledge and Reasoning: This is the area in which Artificial Intelligence is farthest from human level. e.g, the CYE system contains a large but spotty collection of common sense facts.
Learning from Experience:
The approach of Artificial Intelligence based on connectionism and neural networks specialized in that.
Planning: Planning programs start with general facts about the world, facts about the particular situation and the statement of a goal. From these they generate a strategy for achieving the goal.
Epistemology: This is a study of the kinds of knowledge that are required for solving problems in the world.
Heuristics:  A heuristic is a technique that improves the efficiency of a search process, the possibility by sacrificing the claims
Inferences: From some facts others can be inferred.